This is a pectusexcavatum deformityof the sternum whichis compressing theheart and making itappear larger than itreally is. The clue tothe deformity on thefrontal film is theextreme downwardorientation of theanterior ribs.
Enlarged or not?
Answer on next slide
Enlarged or not?
Yes
Congratulations, You Graduate
I know abig heartwhen I seeit
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Slides
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3. In most normal people the cardio-thoracic ratio is less than 50%
4. Sometimes, the cardiothoracic ratio is >50% but the heart is still normal These are the causes:
One of the easiestobservations to make is thecardio-thoracic ratio whichis the widest diameter of theheart compared to thewidest internal diameter ofthe rib cage
One of the easiestobservations to make is thecardio-thoracic ratio whichis the widest diameter of theheart compared to thewidest internal diameter ofthe rib cage
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In most normal people thecardio-thoracic ratio is lessthan 50%
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Sometimes, thecardiothoracic ratio is >50%but the heart is still normalThese are the causes:
SSSSSSSS
CTR is more than 50%But Heart is Normal
Extracardiac causes of cardiacenlargement
Portable AP films
Obesity
Pregnant
Ascites
Straight back syndrome
Pectus excavatum
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This slide demonstrates the effect of magnification on heart size. Theheart sits anteriorly in the chest. On a PA chest film (the standard frontalchest in which the x-ray beam enters posteriorly and exits anteriorly), theheart shows little magnification.
AP
PA
Effect of AP versus PA film on heart size
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On an AP chest film (the usual portable chest radiograph in which the x-ray beam enters anteriorly and exits posteriorly), there is moremagnification. Look at the size of the heart in the two films on the samepatient side by side.
AP
PA
Effect of AP versus PA film on heart size
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In expiration the heart appears larger than it does on full inspiration. Apregnant patient, one with ascites, or an obese patient might not be ableto take a full inspiration which might make the heart look bigger than itactually is. Eight to nine posterior ribs showing is a good inspiration.
Inspiration
Expiration
Effect of Inspiratory effort on heart size
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The lower portion of this patient’s sternum bows inward toward theheart. The heart is compressed between the sternal abnormality (whichis called a pectus excavatum deformity) and the spine. On the frontalradiograph, the heart may appear enlarged.
Effect of chest wall deformity on heart size
>50%
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How can you tell if the heart is enlargedon an AP (usually portable) film
If the heart touches the lateral chest wall,it’s enlarged